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Scholar profiles, book profiles and research articles on the people and works that shaped Islamic civilization. Every piece is reviewed by a scholar against its sources.

The courtyard of al-Qarawiyyīn, Fez
فاطمة الفهرية
Fez, 9th century✦
Research articleFatima al-Fihri: what the sources actually say

The founding of al-Qarawiyyīn, graded claim by claim

Fez, 9th century✓ Scholar-verified
The Hārūniyya at Ṭūs, al-Ghazālī’s home city
أبو حامد الغزالي
c. 1058–1111✦
Scholar profileAl-Ghazālī

Knowledge, doubt and the search for certainty

c. 1058–1111✓ Scholar-verified
The arches of the Great Mosque of Córdoba, Ibn Rushd’s city
ابن رشد
1126–1198✦
Scholar profileIbn Rushd

Reason, revelation and the pursuit of understanding

1126–1198✓ Scholar-verified
The tomb of Ibn ʿArabī in Damascus
محيي الدين ابن عربي
1165–1240✦
Scholar profileIbn ʿArabī

The thinker of unity, imagination and the infinite

1165–1240✓ Scholar-verified
The green dome over Rūmī’s tomb, Konya
جلال الدین محمد رومی
1207–1273✦
Scholar profileRūmī

Poetry, meaning and the education of the heart

1207–1273✓ Scholar-verified
The Zaytūna Mosque rising over Tunis, where Ibn Khaldūn was born and educated
ابن خلدون
1332–1406✦
Scholar profileIbn Khaldūn

The historian who looked for patterns in civilizations

1332–1406✓ Scholar-verified
Illuminated opening of a section of the Iḥyāʾ, endowed by the Mamluk sultan Qāytbāy
إحياء علوم الدين
Al-Ghazālī, c. 1058–1111✦
Book profileIḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn

Knowledge, character and the art of living

Al-Ghazālī, c. 1058–1111✓ Scholar-verified
Opening page of a Masnavī manuscript, Shiraz, c. 1460
مثنوی معنوی
Rūmī, 1207–1273✦
Book profileMasnavī-yi Maʿnavī

The spiritual couplets

Rūmī, 1207–1273✓ Scholar-verified
Book profileThe Muqaddimah

A study of civilization, history and human society

Ibn Khaldūn, 1332–1406✓ Scholar-verified
The Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, the city of Ibn al-Qayyim
مفتاح دار السعادة
Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 1292–1350✦
Book profileMiftāḥ Dār al-Saʿādah

The key to the abode of happiness

Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 1292–1350✓ Scholar-verified